Shankadi Wooden Sculpture of a Kneeling Woman

Circa	20 th Century AD
Dimensions	13.25″ (33.7cm) high
Medium	Wood
Origin	Southeastern Congo

This elegant and sophisticated carving of a kneeling woman was made by the Shankadi people of what was once Zaire. The execution is characteristically refined and reserved, depicting the angular legs brought up under the buttocks, a defined incision at the base of the spine, a rounded back, a protuberant abdomen, small, pointed breasts with discrete nipples, and a columnar neck. The hands are brought in devoutly (?) under the breasts, the finely-carved fingers intertwined. A relief line around the hips suggests a loincloth or some other minimal apparel. The pointed stomach (which has an apex at the navel) is decorated with triangular panels of hatched designs that indicated keloid scarifications. The head is a masterwork of refinement, with coffee-bean eyes, a short, triangular nose and a pursed mouth above a sharp chin. The cheeks are marked with multiple diagonal lines which would have identified the person in life. The hair is carved in an abbreviated version of the cascade style for which the Shankadi are renowned (see below). The patina is glossy, implying long handling and usage.

The Shankadi are essentially a subgroup of the Luba peoples. They have a social system based around a hereditary chief known as a Mulohwe (who is presumably answerable to the Luba overlord, although the exact nature of their relationship is somewhat obscure. Over a million people pay tribute to the descendants of King Kongolo Maniema (who founded the dynasty in 1585), the king of the Luba. They were particularly reliant upon fishing and industries such as metalworking, leading to their status as a primary node on an ever-expanding trade network that wound its way throughout West Africa and as far as the Indian Ocean. They expanded enormously during the 18th and 19th centuries, but were seriously impacted upon by slaving missions and the rise of the Ovimbudu people of Angola; they were eventually subsumed into the Belgian Congo Empire in the early 20th century. The nature of their relationship with the immediately proximate Hemba people is still something of a bone of contention in African art circles.

They were governed by a combination of divine kingship and rule by council; the king (Mulopwe) ruled through a set of social notables who were collectively known as Bamfumus. These both controlled the Balopwe or “clan kings”, who governed designated areas as symbolic sons of the king. Social harmony and memory was controlled through the Bambudye (or Mbudye) secret society, whose members are obliged to remember and recite the whole history of the Luba people from their foundation, often using “lukasa” boards as aides-memoire. The Mbudye tradition states that all rulers of the Luba Empire traced their ancestry to Kalala Ilunga, a mystical hunter credited with toppling the cruel ruler known as Nkongolo. This figure is also credited with the introduction of advanced iron forging techniques to the Luba peoples. Aristocratic status is attained by the ability to trace one’s lineage to a founding member of the Luba people; although western academia might dismiss most of the early stages as myth, Mbudye memory scholars consider then to be the essence of truth. The king lists are especially important, as the divine status of rulers has had a notable effect on the arts and crafts of the Luba empire.

The Luba are renowned for their figures more than their masks, which are rare and usually resemble the Kifwebe masks of the Songye group. Shrine paraphernalia such as staffs, headrests, bow stands, and royal seats are known, reflecting the divine status of the ruler and the elegant refinement of his court. Carvers display incredible flexibility in terms of their representation techniques, some of which are so distinctive that pieces can be attributed to individual artists (such as the Master of Buli, one of the few historically-recognised indigenous carvers). Mwadi – female incarnations of ancient kings – are a common characteristic of Luba art, and indeed the vast majority of known sculptures depict female rather than male figures. Women also play key roles in Luba creation myths, and are strongly associated with divination (Katatora) and prestige paraphernalia. For this reason they may be carved into headrests (to capture dreams from the other world while the owner slept), stools, and prestige staffs (representing the spirit of deceased kings, carried in a woman’s body). The Shankadi are somewhat similar, although their art can often be differentiated on the basis of a cascade coiffure, which is highly exaggerated in a trefoil design by the aptly-named “Master of the Cascade”. The function of the pieces is uncertain, although they are most likely to be maternity and ancestor figures. There are three carving styles – the classical style (somewhat like the current example), the Sungu (more ornate) and southwest (more reductivist). The sparse features of the sculpture also bear some resemblance to the south-western style.

This is a refined and beautiful piece of African art.